Jonathan Arthur Gross
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Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation
Sara Shabani
Dripto Debroy
Jerome Lloyd
Alexios Michailidis
Andrew Dunsworth
Bill Huggins
Markus Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Cogan
Ben Curtin
Guifre Vidal
Bob Buckley
Tom O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Clarke Smith
Rebecca Potter
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Hilton
Paula Heu
Alexei Kitaev
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Steve Habegger
Gina Bortoli
Charles Rocque
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael Hamilton
Dar Gilboa
Lily Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Ramis Movassagh
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Desmond Chik
Leonid Pryadko
Xiao Mi
Brooks Foxen
Frank Arute
Alejo Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Lara Faoro
Alexander Lill
JiunHow Ng
Justin Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
Amanda Mieszala
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Charina Chou
Paul Conner
Rolando Somma
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Young
Tim Burger
ILYA Drozdov
Agustin Di Paolo
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Michael Broughton
Negar Saei
Juan Atalaya
Markus Ansmann
Pavol Juhas
Murray Ich Nguyen
Yuri Lensky
Roberto Collins
Élie Genois
Jindra Skruzny
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Huff
Doug Strain
Monica Hansen
Noah Shutty
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Henry Schurkus
Cheng Xing
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Raja Gosula
Andre Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
George Sterling
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Trond Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Sankaragomathi
Vinicius Ferreira
Science, 383 (2024), pp. 1332-1337
Preview abstract
Engineered dissipative reservoirs have the potential to steer many-body quantum systems toward correlated steady states useful for quantum simulation of high-temperature superconductivity or quantum magnetism. Using up to 49 superconducting qubits, we prepared low-energy states of the transverse-field Ising model through coupling to dissipative auxiliary qubits. In one dimension, we observed long-range quantum correlations and a ground-state fidelity of 0.86 for 18 qubits at the critical point. In two dimensions, we found mutual information that extends beyond nearest neighbors. Lastly, by coupling the system to auxiliaries emulating reservoirs with different chemical potentials, we explored transport in the quantum Heisenberg model. Our results establish engineered dissipation as a scalable alternative to unitary evolution for preparing entangled many-body states on noisy quantum processors.
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Dynamics of magnetization at infinite temperature in a Heisenberg spin chain
Tomaž Prosen
Vedika Khemani
Rhine Samajdar
Jesse Hoke
Sarang Gopalakrishnan
Andrew Dunsworth
Bill Huggins
Markus Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Cogan
Ben Curtin
Guifre Vidal
Bob Buckley
Tom O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Clarke Smith
Rebecca Potter
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Hilton
Paula Heu
Alexei Kitaev
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Steve Habegger
Steven Martin
Gina Bortoli
Seun Omonije
Richard Ross Allen
Charles Rocque
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael Hamilton
Dar Gilboa
Lily Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Kyle Anderson
Ramis Movassagh
David Rhodes
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Desmond Chik
Leonid Pryadko
Xiao Mi
Brooks Foxen
Frank Arute
Alejo Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Lara Faoro
Alexander Lill
Gordon Hill
JiunHow Ng
Justin Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juan Campero
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Gonzalo Garcia
Alex Opremcak
Amanda Mieszala
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Paul Conner
Rolando Somma
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Young
Tim Burger
ILYA Drozdov
Agustin Di Paolo
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Hung-Shen Chang
Michael Broughton
Negar Saei
Juan Atalaya
Markus Ansmann
Pavol Juhas
Murray Ich Nguyen
Yuri Lensky
Roberto Collins
Élie Genois
Jindra Skruzny
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Seneca Meeks
Ashley Huff
Doug Strain
Monica Hansen
Noah Shutty
Ebrahim Forati
Doug Thor
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Henry Schurkus
Cheng Xing
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Vlad Sivak
Raja Gosula
Andre Petukhov
Clint Earle
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
George Sterling
Trond Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Salvatore Mandra
Kannan Sankaragomathi
Vinicius Ferreira
Science, 384 (2024), pp. 48-53
Preview abstract
Understanding universal aspects of quantum dynamics is an unresolved problem in statistical mechanics. In particular, the spin dynamics of the one-dimensional Heisenberg model were conjectured as to belong to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) universality class based on the scaling of the infinite-temperature spin-spin correlation function. In a chain of 46 superconducting qubits, we studied the probability distribution of the magnetization transferred across the chain’s center, P(M). The first two moments of P(M) show superdiffusive behavior, a hallmark of KPZ universality. However, the third and fourth moments ruled out the KPZ conjecture and allow for evaluating other theories. Our results highlight the importance of studying higher moments in determining dynamic universality classes and provide insights into universal behavior in quantum systems.
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Measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor
Vedika Khemani
Matteo Ippoliti
Andrew Dunsworth
Bill Huggins
Markus Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Cogan
Ben Curtin
Guifre Vidal
Bob Buckley
Tom O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Clarke Smith
Rebecca Potter
Jeremy Hilton
Paula Heu
Alexei Kitaev
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Steve Habegger
Gina Bortoli
Seun Omonije
Charles Rocque
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael Hamilton
Dar Gilboa
Lily Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Ramis Movassagh
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Desmond Chik
Leonid Pryadko
Xiao Mi
Brooks Foxen
Frank Arute
Alejo Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Alexander Lill
JiunHow Ng
Justin Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
Amanda Mieszala
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Paul Conner
Rolando Somma
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Jesse Hoke
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Young
Tim Burger
ILYA Drozdov
Agustin Di Paolo
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Michael Broughton
Negar Saei
Juan Atalaya
Markus Ansmann
Pavol Juhas
Murray Ich Nguyen
Yuri Lensky
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Jindra Skruzny
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Huff
Doug Strain
Monica Hansen
Noah Shutty
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Henry Schurkus
Cheng Xing
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Raja Gosula
Andre Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
George Sterling
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Trond Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Sankaragomathi
Vinicius Ferreira
Nature, 622 (2023), 481–486
Preview abstract
Measurement has a special role in quantum theory: by collapsing the wavefunction, it can enable phenomena such as teleportation and thereby alter the ‘arrow of time’ that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space–time that go beyond the established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium. For present-day noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors, the experimental realization of such physics can be problematic because of hardware limitations and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address these experimental challenges and study measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases, from entanglement scaling to measurement-induced teleportation. We obtain finite-sized signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement with classical simulation data. The phases display remarkably different sensitivity to noise, and we use this disparity to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realizing measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.
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Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit
Jeremy Hilton
Anthony Megrant
Michael Newman
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Jimmy Chen
Juan Atalaya
Yu Chen
Kenny Lee
Cody Jones
Nature (2023)
Preview abstract
Practical quantum computing will require error rates that are well below what is achievable with
physical qubits. Quantum error correction [1, 2] offers a path to algorithmically-relevant error rates
by encoding logical qubits within many physical qubits, where increasing the number of physical
qubits enhances protection against physical errors. However, introducing more qubits also increases
the number of error sources, so the density of errors must be sufficiently low in order for logical
performance to improve with increasing code size. Here, we report the measurement of logical qubit
performance scaling across multiple code sizes, and demonstrate that our system of superconducting
qubits has sufficient performance to overcome the additional errors from increasing qubit number.
We find our distance-5 surface code logical qubit modestly outperforms an ensemble of distance-3
logical qubits on average, both in terms of logical error probability over 25 cycles and logical error
per cycle (2.914%±0.016% compared to 3.028%±0.023%). To investigate damaging, low-probability
error sources, we run a distance-25 repetition code and observe a 1.7 × 10−6 logical error per round
floor set by a single high-energy event (1.6 × 10−7 when excluding this event). We are able to
accurately model our experiment, and from this model we can extract error budgets that highlight
the biggest challenges for future systems. These results mark the first experimental demonstration
where quantum error correction begins to improve performance with increasing qubit number, and
illuminate the path to reaching the logical error rates required for computation.
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Purification-Based Quantum Error Mitigation of Pair-Correlated Electron Simulations
Christian Gogolin
Vincent Elfving
Fotios Gkritsis
Oumarou Oumarou
Gian-Luca R. Anselmetti
Masoud Mohseni
Andrew Dunsworth
William J. Huggins
Markus Rudolf Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Godfrey Cogan
Ben Curtin
Guifre Vidal
Bob Benjamin Buckley
Trevor Johnathan Mccourt
Thomas E O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Clarke Smith
Rebecca Potter
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Patterson Hilton
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Steve Habegger
Richard Ross Allen
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Stefano Polla
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael C. Hamilton
Dar Gilboa
Lily MeeKit Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Kyle Anderson
Ramis Movassagh
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Desmond Chun Fung Chik
Xiao Mi
Brooks Riley Foxen
Frank Carlton Arute
Alejandro Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Lara Faoro
Alexander T. Lill
Jiun How Ng
Justin Thomas Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Paul Conner
Rolando Diego Somma
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Robert Young
Tim Burger
Ilya Drozdov
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Michael Blythe Broughton
Juan Atalaya
Markus Ansmann
Pavol Juhas
Murray Nguyen
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Jindra Skruzny
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Anne Huff
Doug Strain
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Andre Gregory Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Trond Ikdahl Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Aryaperumal Sankaragomathi
Nature Physics (2023)
Preview abstract
An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Prior to fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error mitigation strategies are necessary to continue this growth. Here, we study physical simulation within the seniority-zero electron pairing subspace, which affords both a computational stepping stone to a fully correlated model, and an opportunity to validate recently introduced ``purification-based'' error-mitigation strategies. We compare the performance of error mitigation based on doubling quantum resources in time (echo verification) or in space (virtual distillation), on up to 20 qubits of a superconducting qubit quantum processor. We observe a reduction of error by one to two orders of magnitude below less sophisticated techniques (e.g. post-selection); the gain from error mitigation is seen to increase with the system size. Employing these error mitigation strategies enables the implementation of the largest variational algorithm for a correlated chemistry system to-date. Extrapolating performance from these results allows us to estimate minimum requirements for a beyond-classical simulation of electronic structure. We find that, despite the impressive gains from purification-based error mitigation, significant hardware improvements will be required for classically intractable variational chemistry simulations.
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Noise-resilient Majorana Edge Modes on a Chain of Superconducting Qubits
Zijun Chen
Brooks Foxen
Masoud Mohseni
Emily Mount
Joao Basso
Andrew Dunsworth
William J. Huggins
Yuan Su
Markus Rudolf Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Guifre Vidal
Bob Benjamin Buckley
Thomas E O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Rebecca Potter
Jeremy Patterson Hilton
Alexei Kitaev
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Steve Habegger
Alexa Rubinov
Vladimir Shvarts
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Dar Gilboa
Nicholas Bushnell
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Xiao Mi
Frank Carlton Arute
Alejandro Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Lara Faoro
Justin Thomas Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Paul Conner
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Bernardo Meurer Costa
Michael Blythe Broughton
Juan Atalaya
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Anne Huff
Doug Strain
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Michel Henri Devoret
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Andre Gregory Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Christopher Schuster
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Trond Ikdahl Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Aryaperumal Sankaragomathi
Science (2022) (to appear)
Preview abstract
Inherent symmetry of a quantum system may protect its otherwise fragile states. Leveraging such protection requires testing its robustness against uncontrolled environmental interactions. Using 47 superconducting qubits, we implement the kicked Ising model which exhibits Majorana edge modes (MEMs) protected by a $\mathbb{Z}_2$-symmetry. Remarkably, we find that any multi-qubit Pauli operator overlapping with the MEMs exhibits a uniform decay rate comparable to single-qubit relaxation rates, irrespective of its size or composition. This finding allows us to accurately reconstruct the exponentially localized spatial profiles of the MEMs. Spectroscopic measurements further indicate exponentially suppressed hybridization between the MEMs over larger system sizes, which manifests as a strong resilience against low-frequency noise. Our work elucidates the noise sensitivity of symmetry-protected edge modes in a solid-state environment.
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Tuning Quantum Information Scrambling on a 53-Qubit Processor
Jeffrey Marshall
Salvatore Mandra
Masoud Mohseni
Andrew Dunsworth
Alan Ho
Matt Trevithick
Eric Ostby
Alan Derk
Rami Barends
Bálint Pató
Josh Mutus
Trevor Mccourt
Thomas E O'Brien
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Patterson Hilton
Fedor Kostritsa
Trent Huang
Vladimir Shvarts
Nicholas Redd
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Nicholas Bushnell
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Xiao Mi
Brooks Riley Foxen
Frank Carlton Arute
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Michael Newman
Alex Opremcak
William Courtney
Pavel Laptev
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Jimmy Chen
Michael Blythe Broughton
Juan Atalaya
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Doug Strain
Dave Landhuis
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Andre Gregory Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Alexandre Bourassa
arXiv (2021)
Preview abstract
As entanglement in a quantum system grows, initially localized quantum information is spread into the exponentially many degrees of freedom of the entire system. This process, known as quantum scrambling, is computationally intensive to study classically and lies at the heart of several modern physics conundrums. Here, we characterize scrambling of different quantum circuits on a 53-qubit programmable quantum processor by measuring their out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs). We observe that the spatiotemporal spread of OTOCs, as well as their circuit-to-circuit fluctuation, unravel in detail the time-scale and extent of quantum scrambling. Comparison with numerical results indicates a high OTOC measurement accuracy despite the large size of the quantum system. Our work establishes OTOC as an experimental tool to diagnose quantum scrambling at the threshold of being classically inaccessible.
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Exponential suppression of bit or phase flip errors with repetitive quantum error correction
Michael Broughton
Masoud Mohseni
Andrew Dunsworth
Alan Ho
Matt Trevithick
Eric Ostby
Alan Derk
Rami Barends
Bálint Pató
Josh Mutus
Trevor Mccourt
Thomas E O'Brien
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Patterson Hilton
Fedor Kostritsa
Trent Huang
Vladimir Shvarts
Nicholas Redd
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Nicholas Bushnell
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Xiao Mi
Brooks Riley Foxen
Frank Carlton Arute
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Michael Newman
Alex Opremcak
William Courtney
Pavel Laptev
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Jimmy Chen
Juan Atalaya
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Doug Strain
Dave Landhuis
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Andre Gregory Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Alexandre Bourassa
Nature (2021)
Preview abstract
Realizing the potential of quantum computing will require achieving sufficiently low logical error rates. Many applications call for error rates below 10^-15, but state-of-the-art quantum platforms typically have physical error rates near 10^-3. Quantum error correction (QEC) promises to bridge this divide by distributing quantum logical information across many physical qubits so that errors can be corrected. Logical errors are then exponentially suppressed as the number of physical qubits grows, provided that the physical error rates are below a certain threshold. QEC also requires that the errors are local, and that performance is maintained over many rounds of error correction, a major outstanding experimental challenge. Here, we implement 1D repetition codes embedded in a 2D grid of superconducting qubits which demonstrate exponential suppression of bit or phase-flip errors, reducing logical error per round by more than 100x when increasing the number of qubits from 5 to 21. Crucially, this error suppression is stable over 50 rounds of error correction. We also introduce a method for analyzing error correlations with high precision, and characterize the locality of errors in a device performing QEC for the first time. Finally, we perform error detection using a small 2D surface code logical qubit on the same device, and show that the results from both 1D and 2D codes agree with numerical simulations using a simple depolarizing error model. These findings demonstrate that superconducting qubits are on a viable path towards fault tolerant quantum computing.
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Realizing topologically ordered states on a quantum processor
A. Greene
F. Pollmann
L. Faoro
C. Knapp
B. Pato
Y.-J. Liu
R. Barends
J. Mutus
M. Knap
A. Smith
M. Mohseni
J. Basso
A. Dunsworth
W. J. Huggins
A. R Derk
B. B. Buckley
T. E. O'Brien
S. Montazeri
S. V. Isakov
Z. Yao
S. D. Harrington
J. Hilton
A. Kitaev
F. Kostritsa
T. Huang
V. Shvarts
A. Megrant
C. Neill
N. Bushnell
W. Mruczkiewicz
X. Mi
B. Foxen
F. Arute
M. Szalay
O. Martin
J. Yoo
M. Newman
A. Opremcak
W. Courtney
P. Laptev
V. Smelyanskiy
B. Chiaro
Z. Chen
M. Broughton
J. Atalaya
D. Eppens
R. Collins
I. Aleiner
Y. Chen
D. Strain
D. Landhuis
P. Yeh
K. Arya
N. C. Jones
E. Farhi
A. Petukhov
A. N. Korotkov
K. Kechedzhi
Science, 374 (2021), pp. 1237-1241
Preview abstract
The discovery of topological order has revolutionized the understanding of quantum matter in modern physics and provided the theoretical foundation for many quantum error correcting codes. Realizing topologically ordered states has proven to be extremely challenging in both condensed matter and synthetic quantum systems. Here, we prepare the ground state of the emblematic toric code Hamiltonian using an efficient quantum circuit on a superconducting quantum processor. We measure a topological entanglement entropy of Stopo ≈ −0.95 × ln 2 and simulate anyon interferometry to extract the braiding statistics of the emergent excitations. Furthermore, we investigate key aspects of the surface code, including logical state injection and the decay of the non-local order parameter. Our results illustrate the topological nature of these states and demonstrate their potential for implementing the surface code.
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Accurately computing electronic properties of materials using eigenenergies
Masoud Mohseni
Andrew Dunsworth
Alan Ho
William J. Huggins
Matt Trevithick
Eric Ostby
Alan Derk
Rami Barends
Bálint Pató
Josh Mutus
Bob Benjamin Buckley
Trevor Mccourt
Thomas E O'Brien
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Patterson Hilton
Fedor Kostritsa
Trent Huang
Vladimir Shvarts
Nicholas Redd
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Nicholas Bushnell
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Xiao Mi
Brooks Riley Foxen
Frank Carlton Arute
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juan Campero
Michael Newman
Alex Opremcak
William Courtney
Pavel Laptev
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Jimmy Chen
Michael Blythe Broughton
Juan Atalaya
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Doug Strain
Dave Landhuis
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Matt Jacob-Mitos
Andre Gregory Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.00921 (2020)
Preview abstract
A promising approach to study quantum materials is to simulate them on an engineered quantum platform. However, achieving the accuracy needed to outperform classical methods has been an outstanding challenge. Here, using superconducting qubits, we provide an experimental blueprint for a programmable and accurate quantum matter simulator and demonstrate how to probe fundamental electronic properties. We illustrate the underlying method by reconstructing the single-particle band-structure of a one-dimensional wire. We demonstrate nearly complete mitigation of decoherence and readout errors and arrive at an accuracy in measuring energy eigenvalues of this wire with an error of ~0.01 radians, whereas typical energy scales are of order 1 radian. Insight into this unprecedented algorithm fidelity is gained by highlighting robust properties of a Fourier transform, including the ability to resolve eigenenergies with a statistical uncertainty of 1e-4 radians. Furthermore, we synthesize magnetic flux and disordered local potentials, two key tenets of a condensed-matter system. When sweeping the magnetic flux, we observe avoided level crossings in the spectrum, a detailed fingerprint of the spatial distribution of local disorder. Combining these methods, we reconstruct electronic properties of the eigenstates where we observe persistent currents and a strong suppression of conductance with added disorder. Our work describes an accurate method for quantum simulation and paves the way to study novel quantum materials with superconducting qubits.
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