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Preview abstract
Leveraging the expertise of physicians to identify medically meaningful features in ‘counterfactual’ images produced via generative machine learning facilitates the auditing of the inference process of medical-image classifiers, as shown for dermatology images.
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What You See is What You Read? Improving Text-Image Alignment Evaluation
Eran Ofek
arXiv (2023)
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Automatically determining whether a text and a corresponding image are semantically aligned is a significant challenge for vision-language models, with applications in generative text-to-image and image-to-text tasks. In this work, we study methods for automatic image-text alignment evaluation. We first introduce a comprehensive evaluation set spanning multiple datasets from both text-to-image and image-to-text generation tasks, with human judgements for whether a given text-image pair is semantically aligned. We then describe two automatic methods to determine alignment: the first involving a pipeline based on question generation and visual question answering models, and the second employing an end-to-end classification approach based on synthetic data generation. Both methods surpass prior approaches in various text-image alignment tasks, with our analysis showing significant improvements in challenging cases that involve complex composition or unnatural images. Finally, we demonstrate how our approaches can localize specific misalignments between an image and a given text, and how they can be used to automatically re-rank candidates in text-to-image generation.
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Imagic: Non-Rigid Real Image Editing with Text-Conditioned Diffusion Models
Bahjat Kawar
Huiwen Chang
Michal Irani
Shiran Zada
arxiv (2023) (to appear)
Preview abstract
Text-conditioned image editing has recently attracted considerable interest. However, most methods are currently limited to simple edits (e.g., painting something on an object), are applied to synthetically generated images, or require multiple input images of a common object.
In this paper we demonstrate, for the very first time, the ability to apply complex non-rigid edits to a single real image -- i.e., change the pose of an object inside a real image, while preserving the remaining parts of the image. Our method can make a standing dog sit down or jump, cause a bird to spread its wings, etc. -- each within its single high-resolution natural image provided by the user.
Contrary to previous work, our proposed method requires only a single input image and a target text (the desired edit). It operates on real images, and does not require any additional inputs (such as image masks or additional views of the scene/object).
Our method, which we call Imagic, leverages a pre-trained text-to-image diffusion model for this task. It modifies the text embedding to satisfy both the input image and the target text, while fine-tuning the diffusion model to capture the image-specific appearance.
We demonstrate the quality and versatility of our method on numerous inputs from various domains, showcasing high quality complex image edits.
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Using generative AI to investigate medical imagery models and datasets
Charles Lau
Chloe Nichols
Doron Yaya-Stupp
Heather Cole-Lewis
Ilana Traynis
https://arxiv.org/ (2022)
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AI models have shown promise in performing many medical imaging tasks. However, our ability to explain what signals these models learn from the training data is severely lacking. Explanations are needed in order to increase the trust of doctors in AI-based models, especially in domains where AI prediction capabilities surpass those of humans. Moreover, such explanations could enable novel scientific discovery by uncovering signals in the data that aren’t yet known to experts. In this paper, we present a method for automatic visual explanations that can help achieve these goals by generating hypotheses of what visual signals in the images are correlated with the task. We propose the following 4 steps: (i) Train a classifier to perform a given task to assess whether the imagery indeed contains signals relevant to the task; (ii) Train a StyleGAN-based image generator with an architecture that enables guidance by the classifier (“StylEx”); (iii) Automatically detect and extract the top visual attributes that the classifier is sensitive to. Each of these attributes can then be independently modified for a set of images to generate counterfactual visualizations of those attributes (i.e. what that image would look like with the attribute increased or decreased); (iv) Present the discovered attributes and corresponding counterfactual visualizations to a multidisciplinary panel of experts to formulate hypotheses for the underlying mechanisms with consideration to social and structural determinants of health (e.g. whether the attributes correspond to known patho-physiological or socio-cultural phenomena, or could be novel discoveries) and stimulate future research. To demonstrate the broad applicability of our approach, we demonstrate results on eight prediction tasks across three medical imaging modalities – retinal fundus photographs, external eye photographs, and chest radiographs. We showcase examples where many of the automatically-learned attributes clearly capture clinically known features (e.g., types of cataract, enlarged heart), and demonstrate automatically-learned confounders that arise from factors beyond physiological mechanisms (e.g., chest X-ray underexposure is correlated with the classifier predicting abnormality, and eye makeup is correlated with the classifier predicting low hemoglobin levels). We further show that our method reveals a number of physiologically plausible novel attributes for future investigation (e.g., differences in the fundus associated with self-reported sex, which were previously unknown). While our approach is not able to discern causal pathways, the ability to generate hypotheses from the attribute visualizations has the potential to enable researchers to better understand, improve their assessment, and extract new knowledge from AI-based models. Importantly, we highlight that attributes generated by our framework can capture phenomena beyond physiology or pathophysiology, reflecting the real world nature of healthcare delivery and socio-cultural factors, and hence multidisciplinary perspectives are critical in these investigations. Finally, we release code to enable researchers to train their own StylEx models and analyze their predictive tasks of interest, and use the methodology presented in this paper for responsible interpretation of the revealed attributes.
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Self-Distilled StyleGAN: Towards Generation from Internet Photos
Ron Mokady
Michal Irani
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (2022)
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StyleGAN is known to produce high-fidelity images, while also offering unprecedented semantic editing. However, these fascinating abilities have been demonstrated only on a limited set of datasets, which are usually structurally aligned and well curated.
In this paper, we show how StyleGAN can be adapted to work on raw uncurated images collected from the Internet. Such image collections impose two main challenges to StyleGAN: they contain many outlier images, and are characterized by a multi-modal distribution. Training StyleGAN on such raw image collections results in degraded image synthesis quality. To meet these challenges, we proposed a StyleGAN-based self-distillation approach, which consists of two main components: (i) A generative-based self-filtering of the dataset to eliminate out-of-distribution images, in order to generate an adequate training set, and (ii) Perceptual clustering of the generated images to detect the inherent data modalities, which are then employed to improve StyleGAN’s “truncation trick” in the image synthesis process. The presented technique enables the generation of high-quality images, while better reserving the diversity of the data. Through qualitative and quantitative evaluation, we demonstrate the power of our approach to new challenging and diverse domains collected from the Internet. New datasets and pre-trained models will be published upon acceptance.
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Explaining in Style: Training a GAN to explain a classifier in StyleSpace
Yossi Gandelsman
Yoav Itzhak Wald
Phillip Isola
Michal Irani
Proc. ICCV 2021
Preview abstract
Image classification models can depend on multiple different semantic attributes of the image. An explanation of the decision of the classifier needs to both discover and visualize these properties. Here we present StylEx, a method for doing this, by training a generative model to specifically explain multiple attributes that underlie classifier decisions. A natural source for such attributes is the S-space of StyleGAN, which is known to generate semantically meaningful dimensions in the image. However, these will typically not correspond to classifier-specific attributes since standard GAN training is not dependent on the classifier. To overcome this, we propose training procedure for
a StyleGAN, which incorporates the classifier model. This results in an S-space that captures distinct attributes underlying classifier outputs. After training, the model can be used to visualize the effect of changing multiple attributes per image, thus providing an image-specific explanation. We apply StylEx to multiple domains, including animals, leaves, faces and retinal images. For these, we show how an image can be changed in different ways to change its classifier prediction.
Our results show that the method finds attributes that align well with semantic ones, generate meaningful image-specific explanations, and are interpretable as measured in user-studies.
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Towards Learning a Universal Non-Semantic Representation of Speech
Ronnie Zvi Maor
Ira Shavitt
Proc. Interspeech 2020 (2020)
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The ultimate goal of transfer learning is to enable learning with a small amount of data, by using a strong embedding. While significant progress has been made in the visual and language domains, the speech domain does not have such a universal method. This paper presents a new representation of speech signals based on an unsupervised triplet-loss objective, which outperforms both existing state of the art and other representations on a number of transfer learning tasks in the non-semantic speech domain. The embedding is learned on a publicly available dataset, and it is tested on a variety of low-resource downstream tasks, including personalization tasks and medical domain. The model will be publicly released.
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SpeedNet: Learning the Speediness in Videos
Sagie Benaim
Michal Irani
Proc. CVPR 2020
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We wish to automatically predict the "speediness" of moving objects in videos---whether they move faster, at, or slower than their "natural" speed. The core component in our approach is SpeedNet---a novel deep network trained to detect if a video is playing at normal rate, or if it is sped up. SpeedNet is trained on a large corpus of natural videos in a self-supervised manner, without requiring any manual annotations. We show how this single, binary classification network can be used to detect arbitrary rates of speediness of objects. We demonstrate prediction results by SpeedNet on a wide range of videos containing complex natural motions, and examine the visual cues it utilizes for making those predictions. Importantly, we show that through predicting the speed of videos, the model learns a powerful and meaningful space-time representation that goes beyond simple motion cues. We demonstrate how those learned features can boost the performance of self-supervised action recognition, and can be used for video retrieval. Furthermore, we also apply SpeedNet for generating time-varying, adaptive video speedups, which can allow viewers to watch videos faster, but with less of the jittery, unnatural motions typical to videos that are sped up uniformly.
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Personalizing ASR for Dysarthric and Accented Speech with Limited Data
Interspeech 2019 (2019)
Preview abstract
Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems have dramatically
improved over the last few years. ASR systems are most often trained from ‘typical’ speech, which means that underrepresented groups don’t experience the same level of improvement.
In this paper, we present and evaluate finetuning techniques to
improve ASR for users with non standard speech. We focus
on two types of non standard speech: speech from people with
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and accented speech. We
train personalized models that achieve 62% and 35% relative
WER improvement on these two groups, bringing the absolute
WER for ALS speakers, on a test set of message bank phrases,
to 10% for mild dysarthria and 20% for more serious dysarthria.
We show that 76% of the improvement comes from only 5 min
of training data. Finetuning a particular subset of layers (with
many fewer parameters) often gives better results than finetuning the entire model. This is the first step towards building state
of the art ASR models for dysarthric speech
Index Terms: speech recognition, personalization, accessibility
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Looking to Listen at the Cocktail Party: Audio-visual Speech Separation
IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2018)
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We present a model for isolating and enhancing speech of desired speakers in a video. The input is a video with one or more people speaking, where the speech of interest is interfered by other speakers and/or background noise. We leverage both audio and visual features for this task, which are fed into a joint audio-visual source separation model we designed and trained using thousands of hours of video segments with clean speech from our new dataset, AVSpeech-90K. We present results for various real, practical scenarios involving heated debates and interviews, noisy bars and screaming children, only requiring users to specify the face of the person in the video whose speech they would like to isolate.
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Looking to Listen at the Cocktail Party: A Speaker-Independent Audio-Visual Model for Speech Separation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH), vol. 37 (2018)
Preview abstract
We present a joint audio-visual model for isolating a single speech signal from a mixture of sounds such as other speakers and background noise. Solving this task using only audio as input is extremely challenging and does not provide an association of the separated speech signals with speakers in the video. In this paper, we present a deep network-based model that incorporates both visual and auditory signals to solve this task. The visual features are used to "focus" the audio on desired speakers in a scene and to improve the speech separation quality. To train our joint audio-visual model, we introduce AVSpeech, a new dataset comprised of thousands of hours of video segments from the Web. We demonstrate the applicability of our method to classic speech separation tasks, as well as real-world scenarios involving heated interviews, noisy bars, and screaming children, only requiring the user to specify the face of the person in the video whose speech they want to isolate. Our method shows clear advantage over state-of-the-art audio-only speech separation in cases of mixed speech. In addition, our model, which is speaker-independent (trained once, applicable to any speaker), produces better results than recent audio-visual speech separation methods that are speaker-dependent (require training a separate model for each speaker of interest).
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