Julian Kelly
Experimental Quantum Computing researcher with over a decade of experience working on design, fabrication, calibration, and benchmarking of superconducting quantum processors. Julian Kelly is the Director of Quantum Hardware at Google Quantum AI. He previously led the System Control Team which was responsible for building the hardware and software to operate and manipulate quantum computers. He began his career in quantum computing in 2008 where he joined John Martinis' physics research group at UCSB as an undergraduate and researched qubit control and benchmarking techniques. Julian stayed at UCSB and completed his PhD in 2015 in experimental quantum computing. His thesis focused on the development of highly controllable, coherent, and scalable "Xmon" transmon systems that demonstrated record fidelity entangling gate and measurement operations, culminating in a demonstration of experimental quantum error correction. Since joining Google, Julian worked to improve, scale, and integrate quantum processors and was the lead designer for the 72 qubit Bristlecone processor. Julian also developed the automated calibration framework "optimus" which is a software backbone of operating quantum processors at Google. The above technologies were critical in the team's "Quantum Supremacy" demonstration in 2019, and the first experimental demonstration of scalable quantum error correction in 2022.
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Optimizing quantum gates towards the scale of logical qubits
Andrew Dunsworth
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Desmond Chik
Alejo Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Jimmy Chen
Will Livingston
Yu Chen
Vlad Sivak
Alexander Korotkov
Trond Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Nature Communications, 15 (2024), pp. 2442
Preview abstract
A foundational assumption of quantum error correction theory is that quantum gates can be scaled to large processors without exceeding the error-threshold for fault tolerance. Two major challenges that could become fundamental roadblocks are manufacturing high-performance quantum hardware and engineering a control system that can reach its performance limits. The control challenge of scaling quantum gates from small to large processors without degrading performance often maps to non-convex, high-constraint, and time-dynamic control optimization over an exponentially expanding configuration space. Here we report on a control optimization strategy that can scalably overcome the complexity of such problems. We demonstrate it by choreographing the frequency trajectories of 68 frequency-tunable superconducting qubits to execute single- and two-qubit gates while mitigating computational errors. When combined with a comprehensive model of physical errors across our processor, the strategy suppresses physical error rates by ~3.7× compared with the case of no optimization. Furthermore, it is projected to achieve a similar performance advantage on a distance-23 surface code logical qubit with 1057 physical qubits. Our control optimization strategy solves a generic scaling challenge in a way that can be adapted to a variety of quantum operations, algorithms, and computing architectures.
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Dynamics of magnetization at infinite temperature in a Heisenberg spin chain
Tomaž Prosen
Vedika Khemani
Rhine Samajdar
Jesse Hoke
Sarang Gopalakrishnan
Andrew Dunsworth
Bill Huggins
Markus Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Cogan
Ben Curtin
Guifre Vidal
Bob Buckley
Tom O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Clarke Smith
Rebecca Potter
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Hilton
Paula Heu
Alexei Kitaev
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Steve Habegger
Steven Martin
Gina Bortoli
Seun Omonije
Richard Ross Allen
Charles Rocque
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael Hamilton
Dar Gilboa
Lily Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Kyle Anderson
Ramis Movassagh
David Rhodes
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Desmond Chik
Leonid Pryadko
Xiao Mi
Brooks Foxen
Frank Arute
Alejo Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Lara Faoro
Alexander Lill
Gordon Hill
JiunHow Ng
Justin Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juan Campero
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Gonzalo Garcia
Alex Opremcak
Amanda Mieszala
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Paul Conner
Rolando Somma
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Young
Tim Burger
ILYA Drozdov
Agustin Di Paolo
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Hung-Shen Chang
Michael Broughton
Negar Saei
Juan Atalaya
Markus Ansmann
Pavol Juhas
Murray Ich Nguyen
Yuri Lensky
Roberto Collins
Élie Genois
Jindra Skruzny
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Seneca Meeks
Ashley Huff
Doug Strain
Monica Hansen
Noah Shutty
Ebrahim Forati
Doug Thor
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Henry Schurkus
Cheng Xing
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Vlad Sivak
Raja Gosula
Andre Petukhov
Clint Earle
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
George Sterling
Trond Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Salvatore Mandra
Kannan Sankaragomathi
Vinicius Ferreira
Science, 384 (2024), pp. 48-53
Preview abstract
Understanding universal aspects of quantum dynamics is an unresolved problem in statistical mechanics. In particular, the spin dynamics of the one-dimensional Heisenberg model were conjectured as to belong to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) universality class based on the scaling of the infinite-temperature spin-spin correlation function. In a chain of 46 superconducting qubits, we studied the probability distribution of the magnetization transferred across the chain’s center, P(M). The first two moments of P(M) show superdiffusive behavior, a hallmark of KPZ universality. However, the third and fourth moments ruled out the KPZ conjecture and allow for evaluating other theories. Our results highlight the importance of studying higher moments in determining dynamic universality classes and provide insights into universal behavior in quantum systems.
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Stable quantum-correlated many-body states through engineered dissipation
Sara Shabani
Dripto Debroy
Jerome Lloyd
Alexios Michailidis
Andrew Dunsworth
Bill Huggins
Markus Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Cogan
Ben Curtin
Guifre Vidal
Bob Buckley
Tom O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Clarke Smith
Rebecca Potter
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Hilton
Paula Heu
Alexei Kitaev
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Steve Habegger
Gina Bortoli
Charles Rocque
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael Hamilton
Dar Gilboa
Lily Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Ramis Movassagh
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Desmond Chik
Leonid Pryadko
Xiao Mi
Brooks Foxen
Frank Arute
Alejo Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Lara Faoro
Alexander Lill
JiunHow Ng
Justin Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
Amanda Mieszala
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Charina Chou
Paul Conner
Rolando Somma
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Young
Tim Burger
ILYA Drozdov
Agustin Di Paolo
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Michael Broughton
Negar Saei
Juan Atalaya
Markus Ansmann
Pavol Juhas
Murray Ich Nguyen
Yuri Lensky
Roberto Collins
Élie Genois
Jindra Skruzny
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Huff
Doug Strain
Monica Hansen
Noah Shutty
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Henry Schurkus
Cheng Xing
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Raja Gosula
Andre Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
George Sterling
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Trond Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Sankaragomathi
Vinicius Ferreira
Science, 383 (2024), pp. 1332-1337
Preview abstract
Engineered dissipative reservoirs have the potential to steer many-body quantum systems toward correlated steady states useful for quantum simulation of high-temperature superconductivity or quantum magnetism. Using up to 49 superconducting qubits, we prepared low-energy states of the transverse-field Ising model through coupling to dissipative auxiliary qubits. In one dimension, we observed long-range quantum correlations and a ground-state fidelity of 0.86 for 18 qubits at the critical point. In two dimensions, we found mutual information that extends beyond nearest neighbors. Lastly, by coupling the system to auxiliaries emulating reservoirs with different chemical potentials, we explored transport in the quantum Heisenberg model. Our results establish engineered dissipation as a scalable alternative to unitary evolution for preparing entangled many-body states on noisy quantum processors.
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Model-based Optimization of Superconducting Qubit Readout
Alex Opremcak
Jimmy Chen
Alexander Korotkov
Alexandre Bourassa
Physical Review Letters, 132 (2024), pp. 100603
Preview abstract
Measurement is one of the essential components of quantum algorithms, and for superconducting qubits it is often the most error prone. Here, we demonstrate a model-based readout optimization achieving low measurement errors while avoiding detrimental side-effects. For simultaneous and mid-circuit measurements across 17 qubits we observe 1.5% error per qubit with a duration of 500 ns end-to-end and minimal excess reset error from residual resonator photons. We also suppress measurement-induced state transitions and achieve a qubit leakage rate limited by natural heating.This technique can scale to hundreds of qubits, and be used to enhance performance of error-correcting codes as well as near-term applications
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Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit
Jeremy Hilton
Anthony Megrant
Michael Newman
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Jimmy Chen
Juan Atalaya
Yu Chen
Kenny Lee
Cody Jones
Nature (2023)
Preview abstract
Practical quantum computing will require error rates that are well below what is achievable with
physical qubits. Quantum error correction [1, 2] offers a path to algorithmically-relevant error rates
by encoding logical qubits within many physical qubits, where increasing the number of physical
qubits enhances protection against physical errors. However, introducing more qubits also increases
the number of error sources, so the density of errors must be sufficiently low in order for logical
performance to improve with increasing code size. Here, we report the measurement of logical qubit
performance scaling across multiple code sizes, and demonstrate that our system of superconducting
qubits has sufficient performance to overcome the additional errors from increasing qubit number.
We find our distance-5 surface code logical qubit modestly outperforms an ensemble of distance-3
logical qubits on average, both in terms of logical error probability over 25 cycles and logical error
per cycle (2.914%±0.016% compared to 3.028%±0.023%). To investigate damaging, low-probability
error sources, we run a distance-25 repetition code and observe a 1.7 × 10−6 logical error per round
floor set by a single high-energy event (1.6 × 10−7 when excluding this event). We are able to
accurately model our experiment, and from this model we can extract error budgets that highlight
the biggest challenges for future systems. These results mark the first experimental demonstration
where quantum error correction begins to improve performance with increasing qubit number, and
illuminate the path to reaching the logical error rates required for computation.
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Purification-Based Quantum Error Mitigation of Pair-Correlated Electron Simulations
Christian Gogolin
Vincent Elfving
Fotios Gkritsis
Oumarou Oumarou
Gian-Luca R. Anselmetti
Masoud Mohseni
Andrew Dunsworth
William J. Huggins
Markus Rudolf Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Godfrey Cogan
Ben Curtin
Guifre Vidal
Bob Benjamin Buckley
Trevor Johnathan Mccourt
Thomas E O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Clarke Smith
Rebecca Potter
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Patterson Hilton
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Steve Habegger
Richard Ross Allen
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Stefano Polla
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael C. Hamilton
Dar Gilboa
Lily MeeKit Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Kyle Anderson
Ramis Movassagh
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Desmond Chun Fung Chik
Xiao Mi
Brooks Riley Foxen
Frank Carlton Arute
Alejandro Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Lara Faoro
Alexander T. Lill
Jiun How Ng
Justin Thomas Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Paul Conner
Rolando Diego Somma
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Robert Young
Tim Burger
Ilya Drozdov
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Michael Blythe Broughton
Juan Atalaya
Markus Ansmann
Pavol Juhas
Murray Nguyen
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Jindra Skruzny
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Anne Huff
Doug Strain
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Andre Gregory Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Trond Ikdahl Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Aryaperumal Sankaragomathi
Nature Physics (2023)
Preview abstract
An important measure of the development of quantum computing platforms has been the simulation of increasingly complex physical systems. Prior to fault-tolerant quantum computing, robust error mitigation strategies are necessary to continue this growth. Here, we study physical simulation within the seniority-zero electron pairing subspace, which affords both a computational stepping stone to a fully correlated model, and an opportunity to validate recently introduced ``purification-based'' error-mitigation strategies. We compare the performance of error mitigation based on doubling quantum resources in time (echo verification) or in space (virtual distillation), on up to 20 qubits of a superconducting qubit quantum processor. We observe a reduction of error by one to two orders of magnitude below less sophisticated techniques (e.g. post-selection); the gain from error mitigation is seen to increase with the system size. Employing these error mitigation strategies enables the implementation of the largest variational algorithm for a correlated chemistry system to-date. Extrapolating performance from these results allows us to estimate minimum requirements for a beyond-classical simulation of electronic structure. We find that, despite the impressive gains from purification-based error mitigation, significant hardware improvements will be required for classically intractable variational chemistry simulations.
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Measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor
Vedika Khemani
Matteo Ippoliti
Andrew Dunsworth
Bill Huggins
Markus Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Cogan
Ben Curtin
Guifre Vidal
Bob Buckley
Tom O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Clarke Smith
Rebecca Potter
Jeremy Hilton
Paula Heu
Alexei Kitaev
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Steve Habegger
Gina Bortoli
Seun Omonije
Charles Rocque
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael Hamilton
Dar Gilboa
Lily Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Ramis Movassagh
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Desmond Chik
Leonid Pryadko
Xiao Mi
Brooks Foxen
Frank Arute
Alejo Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Alexander Lill
JiunHow Ng
Justin Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
Amanda Mieszala
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Paul Conner
Rolando Somma
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Jesse Hoke
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Young
Tim Burger
ILYA Drozdov
Agustin Di Paolo
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Michael Broughton
Negar Saei
Juan Atalaya
Markus Ansmann
Pavol Juhas
Murray Ich Nguyen
Yuri Lensky
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Jindra Skruzny
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Huff
Doug Strain
Monica Hansen
Noah Shutty
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Henry Schurkus
Cheng Xing
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Raja Gosula
Andre Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
George Sterling
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Trond Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Sankaragomathi
Vinicius Ferreira
Nature, 622 (2023), 481–486
Preview abstract
Measurement has a special role in quantum theory: by collapsing the wavefunction, it can enable phenomena such as teleportation and thereby alter the ‘arrow of time’ that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space–time that go beyond the established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium. For present-day noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) processors, the experimental realization of such physics can be problematic because of hardware limitations and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address these experimental challenges and study measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases, from entanglement scaling to measurement-induced teleportation. We obtain finite-sized signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement with classical simulation data. The phases display remarkably different sensitivity to noise, and we use this disparity to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realizing measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.
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Readout of a quantum processor with high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifiers
Andrew Dunsworth
Markus Rudolf Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Josh Godfrey Cogan
Ben Curtin
Bob Benjamin Buckley
Trevor Johnathan Mccourt
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Ningfeng Zhu
Shirin Montazeri
Jamie Yao
Rebecca Potter
Sean Harrington
Jeremy Patterson Hilton
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Trent Huang
Aaron Shorter
Vladimir Shvarts
Alfredo Torres
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Michael C. Hamilton
Lily MeeKit Laws
Nicholas Bushnell
Mike Shearn
Xiao Mi
Brooks Riley Foxen
Frank Carlton Arute
Alejandro Grajales Dau
Alexander Lill
JiunHow Ng
Justin Thomas Iveland
Marco Szalay
Juhwan Yoo
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Benjamin Chiaro
Grayson Robert Young
Tim Burger
Jimmy Chen
Marika Kieferova
Markus Ansmann
Murray Nguyen
Roberto Collins
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Anne Huff
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Alexander Korotkov
Ani Nersisyan
Christopher Schuster
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Aryaperumal Sankaragomathi
Applied Physics Letters, 122 (2023), pp. 014001
Preview abstract
We demonstrate a high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) in which the active nonlinear element is implemented using an array of rf-SQUIDs. The device is matched to the 50 $\Omega$ environment with a Klopfenstein-taper impedance transformer and achieves a bandwidth of 250-300 MHz, with input saturation powers up to $-95$~dBm at 20 dB gain. A 54-qubit Sycamore processor was used to benchmark these devices, providing a calibration for readout power, an estimate of amplifier added noise, and a platform for comparison against standard impedance matched parametric amplifiers with a single dc-SQUID. We find that the high power rf-SQUID array design has no adverse effect on system noise, readout fidelity, and qubit dephasing, and we estimate an upper bound on amplifier added noise at 1.6 times the quantum limit. Lastly, amplifiers with this design show no degradation in readout fidelity due to gain compression, which can occur in multi-tone multiplexed readout with traditional JPAs.
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Direct Measurement of Nonlocal Interactions in the Many-Body Localized Phase
Brooks Foxen
Ben Chiaro
Andrew Dunsworth
Rami Barends
Amit Vainsencher
John Martinis
Josh Mutus
Fedor Kostritsa
Trent Huang
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Frank Carlton Arute
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Jimmy Chen
Roberto Collins
Yu Chen
Dave Landhuis
Kunal Arya
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Physical Review Research, 4 (2022), pp. 013148
Preview abstract
The interplay of interactions and strong disorder can lead to an exotic quantum many-body localized (MBL) phase of matter. Beyond the absence of transport, the MBL phase has distinctive signatures, such as slow dephasing and logarithmic entanglement growth; they commonly result in slow and subtle modifications of the dynamics, rendering their measurement challenging. Here, we experimentally characterize these properties of the MBL phase in a system of coupled superconducting qubits. By implementing phase sensitive techniques, we map out the structure of local integrals of motion in the MBL phase. Tomographic reconstruction of single and two-qubit density matrices allows us to determine the spatial and temporal entanglement growth between the localized sites. In addition, we study the preservation of entanglement in the MBL phase. The interferometric protocols implemented here detect affirmative quantum correlations and exclude artifacts due to the imperfect isolation of the system. By measuring elusive MBL quantities, our work highlights the advantages of phase sensitive measurements in studying novel phases of matter.
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Noise-resilient Majorana Edge Modes on a Chain of Superconducting Qubits
Zijun Chen
Brooks Foxen
Masoud Mohseni
Emily Mount
Joao Basso
Andrew Dunsworth
William J. Huggins
Yuan Su
Markus Rudolf Hoffmann
Alexis Morvan
Guifre Vidal
Bob Benjamin Buckley
Thomas E O'Brien
John Mark Kreikebaum
Rajeev Acharya
Joonho Lee
Shirin Montazeri
Sergei Isakov
Jamie Yao
Rebecca Potter
Jeremy Patterson Hilton
Alexei Kitaev
Alex Crook
Fedor Kostritsa
Kim Ming Lau
Dmitry Abanin
Trent Huang
Steve Habegger
Alexa Rubinov
Vladimir Shvarts
Anthony Megrant
Charles Neill
Dar Gilboa
Nicholas Bushnell
Mike Shearn
Wojtek Mruczkiewicz
Xiao Mi
Frank Carlton Arute
Alejandro Grajales Dau
Yaxing Zhang
Lara Faoro
Justin Thomas Iveland
Marco Szalay
Orion Martin
Juhwan Yoo
Michael Newman
William Giang
Alex Opremcak
William Courtney
Andrey Klots
Wayne Liu
Pavel Laptev
Paul Conner
Vadim Smelyanskiy
Benjamin Chiaro
Bernardo Meurer Costa
Michael Blythe Broughton
Juan Atalaya
Daniel Eppens
Roberto Collins
Igor Aleiner
Yu Chen
Reza Fatemi
Leon Brill
Ashley Anne Huff
Doug Strain
Ebrahim Forati
Dave Landhuis
Kenny Lee
Ping Yeh
Kunal Arya
Michel Henri Devoret
Cody Jones
Edward Farhi
Andre Gregory Petukhov
Alexander Korotkov
Christopher Schuster
Kostyantyn Kechedzhi
Trond Ikdahl Andersen
Alexandre Bourassa
Kannan Aryaperumal Sankaragomathi
Science (2022) (to appear)
Preview abstract
Inherent symmetry of a quantum system may protect its otherwise fragile states. Leveraging such protection requires testing its robustness against uncontrolled environmental interactions. Using 47 superconducting qubits, we implement the kicked Ising model which exhibits Majorana edge modes (MEMs) protected by a $\mathbb{Z}_2$-symmetry. Remarkably, we find that any multi-qubit Pauli operator overlapping with the MEMs exhibits a uniform decay rate comparable to single-qubit relaxation rates, irrespective of its size or composition. This finding allows us to accurately reconstruct the exponentially localized spatial profiles of the MEMs. Spectroscopic measurements further indicate exponentially suppressed hybridization between the MEMs over larger system sizes, which manifests as a strong resilience against low-frequency noise. Our work elucidates the noise sensitivity of symmetry-protected edge modes in a solid-state environment.
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