Kallista Bonawitz
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Building privacy-preserving systems for machine learning and data science on decentralized data
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Secure aggregation is a cryptographic primitive that enables a server to learn the sum of the vector inputs of many clients. Bonawitz et al. (CCS 2017) presented a construction that incurs computation and communication for each client linear in the number of parties. While this functionality enables a broad range of privacy preserving computational tasks, scaling concerns limit its scope of use.
We present the first constructions for secure aggregation that achieve polylogarithmic communication and computation per client. Our constructions provide security in the semi-honest and the semi-malicious setting where the adversary controls the server and a γ-fraction of the clients, and correctness with up to δ-fraction dropouts among the clients. Our constructions show how to replace the complete communication graph of Bonawitz et al., which entails the linear overheads, with a k-regular graph of logarithmic degree while maintaining the security guarantees.
Beyond improving the known asymptotics for secure aggregation, our constructions also achieve very efficient concrete parameters. The semi-honest secure aggregation can handle a billion clients at the per client cost of the protocol of Bonawitz et al. for a thousand clients. In the semi-malicious setting with 104 clients, each client needs to communicate only with 3% of the clients to have a guarantee that its input has been added together with the inputs of at least 5000 other clients, while withstanding up to 5% corrupt clients and 5% dropouts. We also show an application of secure aggregation to the task of secure shuffling which enables the first cryptographically secure instantiation of the shuffle model of differential privacy.
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Context-Aware Local Differential Privacy
Jayadev Acharya
Ziteng Sun
International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) (2020)
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Local differential privacy (LDP) is a strong notion of privacy for individual users that often comes at the expense of a significant drop in utility. The classical definition of LDP assumes that all elements in the data domain are equally sensitive. However, in many applications, some symbols are more sensitive than others. This work proposes a context-aware framework of local differential privacy that allows a privacy designer to incorporate the application's context into the privacy definition. For binary data domains, we provide a universally optimal privatization scheme and highlight its connections to Warner's randomized response (RR) and Mangat's improved response. Motivated by geolocation and web search applications, for k-ary data domains, we consider two special cases of context-aware LDP: block-structured LDP and high-low LDP. We study discrete distribution estimation and provide communication-efficient, sample-optimal schemes and information-theoretic lower bounds for both models. We show that using contextual information can require fewer samples than classical LDP to achieve the same accuracy.
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Federated Learning with Autotuned Communication-Efficient Secure Aggregation
Fariborz Salehi
Jakub Konečný
Marco Gruteser
Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers (2019)
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Federated Learning enables mobile devices to collaboratively learn a shared inference model while keeping all the training data on device, decoupling the ability to do machine learning from the need to store the data in the cloud. Existing work on federated learning with limited communication demonstrates how random rotation can enable users' model updates to be quantized much more efficiently, reducing the communication cost between users and the server. Meanwhile, secure aggregation enable the server to learn an aggregate of at least a threshold number of device's model contributions without observing any individual device's contribution in unaggregated form. In this paper, we highlight some of the challenges of setting the parameters for secure aggregation to achieve communication efficiency, especially in the the context of the aggressively quantized inputs enabled by random rotation. We then develop a recipe for auto-tuning communication-efficient secure aggregation, based on specific properties of random rotation and secure aggregation -- namely, the predictable distribution of vector entries post-rotation and the modular wrapping inherent in secure aggregation. We present both theoretical results and initial experiments.
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Towards Federated Learning at Scale: System Design
Hubert Eichner
Wolfgang Grieskamp
Dzmitry Huba
Vladimir Ivanov
Chloé M Kiddon
Jakub Konečný
Stefano Mazzocchi
Timon Van Overveldt
David Petrou
Jason Roselander
SysML 2019
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Federated Learning is a distributed machine learning approach which enables training on a large corpus of data which never needs to leave user devices. We have spent some effort over the last two years building a scalable production system for FL. In this paper, we report about the resulting high-level design, sketching the challenges and the solutions, as well as touching the open problems and future directions.
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Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learning
Brendan Avent
Aurélien Bellet
Mehdi Bennis
Arjun Nitin Bhagoji
Graham Cormode
Rachel Cummings
Rafael G.L. D'Oliveira
Salim El Rouayheb
David Evans
Josh Gardner
Adrià Gascón
Phillip B. Gibbons
Marco Gruteser
Zaid Harchaoui
Chaoyang He
Lie He
Zhouyuan Huo
Justin Hsu
Martin Jaggi
Tara Javidi
Gauri Joshi
Mikhail Khodak
Jakub Konečný
Aleksandra Korolova
Farinaz Koushanfar
Sanmi Koyejo
Tancrède Lepoint
Yang Liu
Prateek Mittal
Richard Nock
Ayfer Özgür
Rasmus Pagh
Ramesh Raskar
Dawn Song
Weikang Song
Sebastian U. Stich
Ziteng Sun
Florian Tramèr
Praneeth Vepakomma
Jianyu Wang
Li Xiong
Qiang Yang
Felix X. Yu
Han Yu
Arxiv (2019)
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Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning setting where many clients (e.g., mobile devices or whole organizations) collaboratively train a model under the orchestration of a central server (e.g., service provider), while keeping the training data decentralized. FL embodies the principles of focused data collection and minimization, and mitigates many of the systemic privacy risks and costs resulting from traditional, centralized machine learning and data science approaches. Motivated by the explosive growth in FL research, this paper discusses recent advances and presents a comprehensive list of open problems and challenges.
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Practical Secure Aggregation for Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning
Antonio Marcedone
Benjamin Kreuter
Sarvar Patel
Vladimir Ivanov
CCS (2017)
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We design a novel, communication-efficient, failure-robust protocol for secure aggregation of high-dimensional data. Our protocol allows a server to collect an aggregate of user-held data from mobile devices in a privacy-preserving manner, and can be used, for example, in a federated learning setting, to aggregate user-provided model updates for a deep neural network. We prove the security of our protocol in the honest-but-curious and malicious server settings, and show that privacy is preserved even if an arbitrarily chosen subset of users drop out at any time. We evaluate the efficiency of our protocol and show, by complexity analysis and a concrete implementation, that its runtime and communication overhead remain low even on large data sets and client pools. For 16-bit input values, our protocol offers 1.73× communication expansion for 2^10 users and 2^20-dimensional vectors, and 1.98× expansion for 2^14 users and 2^24-dimensional vectors.
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The collection and analysis of user data drives improvements in the app and web ecosystems,
but comes with risks to privacy. This paper examines discrete distribution estimation under local
privacy, a setting wherein service providers can learn the distribution of a categorical statistic
of interest without collecting the underlying data. We present new mechanisms, including hashed
k-ary Randomized Response (k-RR), that empirically meet or exceed the utility of existing mechanisms
at all privacy levels. New theoretical results demonstrate the order-optimality of k-RR and the existing RAPPOR mechanism at different privacy regimes.
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Practical Secure Aggregation for Federated Learning on User-Held Data
Vladimir Ivanov
Ben Kreuter
Antonio Marcedone
Sarvar Patel
NIPS Workshop on Private Multi-Party Machine Learning (2016)
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Secure Aggregation is a class of Secure Multi-Party Computation algorithms wherein a group of
mutually distrustful parties u ∈ U each hold a private value x_u and collaborate to compute an
aggregate value, such as the sum_{u∈U} x_u, without revealing to one another any information about
their private value except what is learnable from the aggregate value itself. In this work, we consider
training a deep neural network in the Federated Learning model, using distributed gradient descent
across user-held training data on mobile devices, wherein Secure Aggregation protects the privacy of
each user’s model gradient. We identify a combination of efficiency and robustness requirements
which, to the best of our knowledge, are unmet by existing algorithms in the literature. We proceed to
design a novel, communication-efficient Secure Aggregation protocol for high-dimensional data that
tolerates up to 1/3 users failing to complete the protocol. For 16-bit input values, our protocol offers
1.73x communication expansion for 2^10 users and 2^20-dimensional vectors, and 1.98x expansion
for 2^14 users and 2^24 dimensional vectors.
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