Ofer Meshi
Ofer Meshi is a Research Scientist at Google. Prior to joining Google, he was a Research Assistant Professor at the Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago. Before that he obtained a Ph.D. and an M.Sc. in Computer Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a B.Sc. in Computer Science from Tel Aviv University.
Ofer's research interests are in machine learning and optimization. In particular, he seeks efficient algorithms for: structured output prediction, probabilistic graphical models, reinforcement learning and other related problems.
More info and previous publications can be found in his homepage.
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Model-Free Preference Elicitation
Carlos Martin
Tuomas Sandholm
Proceedings of the 33rd International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-24), Jeju, South Korea (2024), pp. 3493-3503
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Elicitation of user preferences is becoming an important approach for improving the qualityof recommendations, especially when there is little or no user history. In this setting, arecommender system interacts with the user by iteratively presenting elicitation questionsand recording their responses. Various criteria have been proposed for optimizing thesequence of queries in order to improve user understanding and thereby the quality ofdownstream recommendations. A compelling approach for preference elicitation is theExpected Value of Information (EVOI), a Bayesian approach which computes the expectedgain in user utility for possible queries. Previous work on EVOI has focused on probabilisticmodels of users for computing posterior utilities. In contrast, in this work we exploremodel-free variants of EVOI which rely on function approximations in order to avoid strongmodeling assumptions. Specifically, we propose to learn a user response model and a userutility model from data which is often available in real-world systems, and to use thesemodels in EVOI in place of the probabilistic models. We show that our approach leads toimproved elicitation performance.
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Density-based User Representation through Gaussian Process Regression for Multi-interest Personalized Retrieval
Haolun Wu
Xue Liu
Thirty-Eighth Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS-24), Vancouver (2024)
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Personalized recommendation systems are increasingly essential in our information-rich society, aiding users in navigating the expansive online realm. However, accurately modeling the diverse and dynamic interests of the users remains a formidable challenge. Existing user modeling methods, like Single-point User Representation (SUR) and Multi-point User Representation (MUR), have their limitations in terms of accuracy, diversity, computation cost, and adaptability. To overcome these challenges, we introduce a novel model, the Density-based User Representation (DUR), leveraging Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), which has not been extensively explored in multi-interest recommendation and retrieval. Our approach inherently captures user interest dynamics without manual tuning, provides uncertainty-awareness, and is more efficient than point-based representation methods. This paper outlines the development and implementation of GPR4DUR, details its evaluation protocols, and presents extensive analysis demonstrating its effectiveness and efficiency. Experiments on real-world offline datasets confirm our method’s adaptability and efficiency. Further online experiments simulating user behavior illuminate the benefits of our method in the exploration-exploitation trade-off by effectively utilizing model uncertainty.
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Minimizing Live Experiments in Recommender Systems: User Simulation to Evaluate Preference Elicitation Policies
Martin Mladenov
James Pine
Hubert Pham
Shane Li
Xujian Liang
Anton Polishko
Li Yang
Ben Scheetz
Proceedings of he 47th International ACM/SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR-24), Washington, DC (2024), pp. 2925-2929
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Evaluation of policies in recommender systems (RSs) typically involves A/B testing using live experiments on real users to assess a new policy's impact on relevant metrics. This ``gold standard'' comes at a high cost, however, in terms of cycle time, user cost, and potential user retention. In developing policies for onboarding new users, these costs can be especially problematic, since on-boarding occurs only once. In this work, we describe a simulation methodology used to augment (and reduce) the use of live experiments. We illustrate its deployment for the evaluation of preference elicitation algorithms used to onboard new users of the YouTube Music platform. By developing counterfactually robust user behavior models, and a simulation service that couples such models with production infrastructure, we are able to test new algorithms in a way that reliably predicts their performance on key metrics when deployed live, sometimes more reliably than live experiments due to the scale at which simulation can be realized. We describe our domain, our simulation models and platform, results of experiments and deployment, and suggest future steps needed to further realistic simulation as a powerful complement to live experiments.
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Overcoming Prior Misspecification in Online Learning to Rank
Mohammadjavad Azizi
International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, PMLR (2023), pp. 594-614
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The recent literature on online learning to rank (LTR) has established the utility of prior knowledge to Bayesian ranking bandit algorithms. However, a major limitation of existing work is the requirement for the prior used by the algorithm to match the true prior. In this paper, we propose and analyze adaptive algorithms that address this issue and additionally extend these results to the linear and generalized linear models. We also consider scalar relevance feedback on top of click feedback. Moreover, we demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithms using both synthetic and real-world experiments.
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On the Value of Prior in Online Learning to Rank
Branislav Kveton
The 25th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (2022)
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This paper addresses the cold-start problem in online learning to rank (OLTR). We show both theoretically and empirically that priors improve the quality of ranked lists presented to users interactively based on user feedback. These priors can come in the form of unbiased estimates of the relevance of the ranked items, or more practically, can be obtained from offline-learned models. Our experiments show the effectiveness of priors in improving the short-term regret of tabular OLTR algorithms, based on Thompson sampling and BayesUCB.
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Advantage Amplification in Slowly Evolving Latent-State Environments
Martin Mladenov
Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-19), Macau, China (2019), pp. 3165-3172
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Latent-state environments with long horizons, such as those faced by recommender systems, pose significant challenges for reinforcement learning (RL). In this work, we identify and analyze several key hurdles for RL in such environments, including belief state error and small action advantage. We develop a general principle called advantage amplification that can overcome these hurdles through the use of temporal abstraction. We propose several aggregation methods and prove they induce amplification in certain settings. We also bound the loss in optimality incurred by our methods in environments where latent state evolves slowly and demonstrate their performance empirically in a stylized user-modeling task.
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Seq2Slate: Re-ranking and Slate Optimization with RNNs
Irwan Bello
Sagar Jain
Alan Mackey
arXiv (2019)
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Ranking is a central task in machine learning and information retrieval. In this task, it is especially important to present the user with a slate of items that is appealing as a whole. This in turn requires taking into account interactions between items, since intuitively, placing an item on the slate affects the decision of which other items should be placed alongside it. In this work, we propose a sequence-to-sequence model for ranking called seq2slate. At each step, the model predicts the next "best" item to place on the slate given the items already selected. The sequential nature of the model allows complex dependencies between the items to be captured directly in a flexible and scalable way. We show how to learn the model end-to-end from weak supervision in the form of easily obtained click-through data. We further demonstrate the usefulness of our approach in experiments on standard ranking benchmarks as well as in a real-world recommendation system.
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Planning and Learning with Stochastic Action Sets
Martin Mladenov
Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18), Stockholm (2018), pp. 4674-4682
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This is an extended version of the paper Planning and Learning with Stochastic Action Sets that appeared in the Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18), pp.4674-4682, Stockholm (2018).
In many practical uses of reinforcement learning (RL) the set of actions available
at a given state is a random variable, with realizations governed by an exogenous
stochastic process. Somewhat surprisingly, the foundations for such sequential
decision processes have been unaddressed. In this work, we formalize and
investigate MDPs with stochastic action sets (SAS-MDPs) to provide these foundations.
We show that optimal policies and value functions in this model have a
structure that admits a compact representation. From an RL perspective, we show
that Q-learning with sampled action sets is sound. In model-based settings, we
consider two important special cases: when individual actions are available with
independent probabilities; and a sampling-based model for unknown distributions.
We develop poly-time value and policy iteration methods for both cases; and in the
first, we offer a poly-time linear programming solution.
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Finding the maximum a-posteriori (MAP) assignment is a central task in graphical models. Since modern applications give rise to very large problem instances, there is increasing need for efficient solvers. In this work we propose to improve the efficiency of coordinate-minimization-based dual-decomposition solvers by running them asynchronously in parallel. In this case message-passing inference is performed by multiple processing units simultaneously, all reading and writing to shared memory, without coordination. We analyze the convergence properties of the resulting algorithms and identify settings where speedup gains can be expected. Our numerical evaluations show that this approach indeed achieves significant speedups in common computer vision tasks.
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Approximate Linear Programming for Logistic Markov Decision Processes
Martin Mladenov
Tyler Lu
Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-17), Melbourne, Australia (2017), pp. 2486-2493
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This is an extended version of the paper Logistic Markov Decision Processes that appeared in the Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-17), pp.2486-2493, Melbourne (2017).
Online and mobile interactions with users, in areas such as advertising and product or content
recommendation, have been transformed by machine learning techniques. However, such methods have largely focused on myopic prediction, i.e., predicting immediate user response to system
actions (e.g., ads or recommendations), without explicitly accounting for the long-term impact
on user behavior, nor the potential need for planning action sequences. In this work, we propose
the use of Markov decision processes (MDPs) to formulate the long-term decision problem and
address two key questions that emerge in their application to user interaction.
The first focuses on model formulation, specifically, how best to construct MDP models of
user interaction in a way that exploits the great successes of myopic prediction models. To this
end, we propose a new model called logistic MDPs, an MDP formulation that allows the concise specification of transition dynamics. It does so by augmenting the natural factored form of
dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) with user response variables that are captured by a logistic
regression model (the latter being precisely the model used for myopic user interaction).
The second question we address is how best to solve large logistic MDPs of this type. A
variety of methods have been proposed for solving MDPs that exploit the conditional independence reflected in the DBN representations, including approximate linear programming (ALP).
Despite their compact form, logistic MDPs do not admit the same conditional independence as
DBNs, nor do they satisfy the linearity requirements for standard ALP. We propose a constraint
generation approach to ALP for logistic MDPs that circumvents these problems by: (a) recovering
compactness by conditioning on the logistic response variable; and (b) devising two procedures,
one exact and one approximate, that linearize the search for violated constraints in the master LP.
For the approximation procedure, we also derive error bounds on the quality of the induced policy. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on advertising problems with up to several
thousand sparse binarized features (up to 2^54 and 2^39 actions).
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