Bhuvana Ramabhadran
Bhuvana Ramabhadran (IEEE Fellow, 2017, ISCA Fellow 2017) currently leads a team of researchers at Google, focusing on semi-supervised learning for speech recognition and multilingual speech recognition. Previously, she was a Distinguished Research Staff Member and Manager in IBM Research AI, at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA, where she led a team of researchers in the Speech Technologies Group and coordinated activities across IBM’s world wide laboratories in the areas of speech recognition, synthesis, and spoken term detection. She has served as an elected member of the IEEE SPS Speech and Language Technical Committee (SLTC), for two terms since 2010 and as its elected Vice Chair and Chair (2014–2016) and currently serves as an Advisory Member. She has served as the Area Chair for ICASSP (2011–2018), on the editorial board of the IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing (2011–2015), and on the IEEE SPS conference board (2017-2018) during which she also served as the conference board’s liaison with the ICASSP organizing committees , and as Regional Director-At-Large (2018-2020), where she coordinated work across all US IEEE chapters . She currently serves as the Chair of the IEEE Flanagan Speech & Audio Award Committee and currently serves as a Member-at-Large of the IEEE SPS Board of Governors. She serves on the International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) board and has served as the area chair for Interspeech conferences since 2012. In addition to organizing several workshops at ICML, HLT-NAACL, NeurIPS and ICML, she has also served as an adjunct professor at Columbia University, where she co-taught a graduate course on speech recognition. She has served as the (Co/-)Principal Investigator on several projects funded by the National Science Foundation, EU and iARPA, spanning speech recognition, information retrieval from spoken archives, keyword spotting in many languages. She has published over 150 papers and been granted over 40 U.S. patents. Her research interests include speech recognition and synthesis algorithms, statistical modeling, signal processing, and machine learning. Some of her recent work has focused on the use of speech synthesis to improve core speech recognition performance and self-supervised learning.
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This paper discusses a method to inject text when training an ASR system without the need for up sampling the text sequence to match the length of the speech sequence.
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Virtuoso: Massive Multilingual Speech-Text Joint Semi-Supervised Learning for Text-to-Speech
Takaaki Saeki
Zhehuai Chen
Nobuyuki Morioka
Yu Zhang
ICASSP (2023)
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This paper proposes Virtuoso, a massive multilingual speech–text joint learning framework for text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) models. Existing multilingual TTS typically supports tens of languages, which are a small fraction of thousands of languages in the world. One difficulty to scale multilingual TTS to hundreds of languages is collecting high-quality speech–text paired data in low-resource languages. This study extends Maestro, which is a speech–text semi-supervised joint pretraining framework for automatic speech recognition (ASR), to speech generation tasks. To train a TTS model from various types of speech and text data, different training schemes are designed to handle supervised (paired TTS and ASR data) and unsupervised (untranscribed speech and unspoken text) datasets. Experimental evaluation shows that 1) multilingual TTS models trained on Virtuoso can achieve significantly better naturalness and intelligibility than baseline TTS models in seen languages, and 2) these models can synthesize reasonably good speech for unseen languages where no paired TTS data is available.
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Hard and soft distillation are two popular approaches for knowledge distillation from a teacher to student ASR model. Despite soft distillation being better than hard distillation, it has several limitations. First, training convergence depends on the match between the teacher and student alignments. Second, soft distillation suffers quality regressions when using teacher and student models with different architectures. Third, in case of non-causal teacher models, soft distillation requires tuning of the shift in teacher alignments to the right. Finally, soft distillation requires both the teacher and student models to have the same temporal sampling rates. In this work, we propose a novel knowledge distillation method for RNN-T models that tackles limitations of both hard and soft distillation approaches. We call our method Full-sum distillation, which simply distills the sequence posterior probability of the teacher model to the student model. Thus, this method does not depend directly on the noisy labels to distill knowledge as well as it does not depend on time dimension. We also propose a variant of Full-sum distillation to distill the sequence discriminative knowledge of the teacher model to the student model to further improve performance. Using full-sum distillation, we achieve significant improvements when training with strong and weak teacher models on public data as well as on in-house production data.
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Twenty-Five Years of Evolution in Speech and Language Processing
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Michael Picheny
Dilek Hakkani-Tur
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 40 (2023), pp. 27-39
Ask2Mask: Guided Data Selection for Masked Speech Modeling
Pedro Jose Moreno Mengibar
Yu Zhang
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing (2022)
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Masked speech modeling (MSM) pre-training methods such as wav2vec2 or w2v-BERT randomly mask speech frames in an utterance and compute losses on the masked instances. While these methods improve performance of Automated Speech Recognition (ASR) systems, they have one major limitation. They generally perform best under matched conditions, i.e., when the data used for pre-training is matched to the data used for fine-tuning. Using out-of-domain (OOD) pre-training data with limited in-domain fine-tuning data from the target domain results in reduced gains. The relative value of in-domain data within a MSM pre-training corpus has not been well-explored in the literature. In this work, we address precisely this limitation. We propose ask2mask, a novel approach to focus on samples relevant to the target domain (in-domain) during pre-training with OOD or any available data. To perform this fine-grained data selection, ATM applies masking only to input frames with high confidence scores obtained from an external classification model. This allows the model to achieve meaningful in-domain representations and simultaneously discard low-confidence frames which could lead to learning erroneous representations. The ATM approach is further extended to focus on utterances with high confidences by scaling the final MSM loss computed for each masked input frame with the utterance-level confidence score. We conduct experiments on two well-benchmarked read speech corpus (Librispeech) and conversational speech corpus (AMI). The results substantiate the efficacy of ATM on significantly improving target domain performance under mismatched conditions while still yielding modest improvements under matched conditions.
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On Weight Interpolation of the Hybrid Autoregressive Transducer Model
David Rybach
Interspeech 2022, Interspeech 2022 (2022) (to appear)
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This paper explores ways to improve a two-pass speech recognition system when the first-pass
is hybrid autoregressive transducer model and the second-pass is a neural language model.
The main focus is on the scores provided by each of these models, their quantitative analysis,
how to improve them and the best way to integrate them with the objective of better recognition
accuracy. Several analysis are presented to show the importance of the choice of the
integration weights for combining the first-pass and the second-pass scores. A sequence level weight
estimation model along with four training criteria are proposed which allow adaptive integration
of the scores per acoustic sequence.
The effectiveness of this algorithm is demonstrated by constructing and analyzing
models on the Librispeech data set.
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Reducing domain mismatch in self-supervised speech pretraining
Yu Zhang
submission to Interspeech 2022 (2022) (to appear)
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Masked speech modeling (MSM) methods such as wav2vec2 or w2v-BERT learn representations over speech frames which are randomly masked within an utterance. While these methods improve performance of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems, they have one major limitation. They treat all unsupervised speech samples with equal weight, which hinders learning as not all samples have relevant information to learn meaningful representations. In this work, we address this limitation. We propose ask2mask (ATM), a novel approach to focus on specific samples during MSM pre-training. ATM employs an external ASR model or scorer to weight unsupervised input samples in two different ways: 1) A fine-grained data selection is performed by masking over the highly confident input frames as
chosen by the scorer. This allows the model to learn meaningful representations. 2) ATM is further extended to focus at utterancelevel by weighting the final MSM loss with the utterancelevel confidence score. We conduct fine-tuning experiments on two well-benchmarked corpora: LibriSpeech (matching the pretraining data) and Commonvoice, TED-LIUM, AMI and CHiME6 (not matching the pre-training data). The results substantiate the efficacy of ATM on significantly improving the recognition
performance under mismatched conditions (up to 11.6% relative over published results and upto 4.46% relative over our internal baseline) while still yielding modest improvements under matched
conditions.
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Multilingual Second-Pass Rescoring for Automatic Speech RecognitionSystems
Pedro Moreno Mengibar
ICASSP (2022)
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Second-pass rescoring is a well known technique to improve the performance of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. Neural oracle search (NOS), which selects the most likely hypothesis from N-best hypothesis list by integrating in-formation from multiple sources, such as the input acoustic representations, N-best hypotheses, additional first-pass statistics,and unpaired textual information through an external language model, has shown success in re-scoring for RNN-T first-pass models. Multilingual first-pass speech recognition models of-ten outperform their monolingual counterparts when trained on related or low-resource languages. In this paper, we investigate making the second-pass model multilingual and apply rescoring on a multilingual first-pass. We conduct experiments on Nordic languages including Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish.
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MAESTRO: Matched Speech Text Representations through Modality Matching
Pedro Jose Moreno Mengibar
Yu Zhang
Zhehuai Chen
interspeech 2022 (2022) (to appear)
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We present Maestro, a self-supervised training method to
unify representations learnt from speech and text modalities.
Self-supervised learning from speech signals aims to learn the
latent structure inherent in the signal, while self-supervised
learning from text attempts to capture lexical information.
Learning aligned representations from unpaired speech and
text sequences is a challenging task. Previous work either
implicitly enforced the representations learnt from these two
modalities to be aligned in the latent space through multi-
tasking and parameter sharing or explicitly through conversion
of modalities via speech synthesis. While the former suffers
from interference between the two modalities, the latter
introduces additional complexity. In this paper, we propose
Maestro, a novel algorithm to learn unified representations from
both these modalities simultaneously that can transfer to diverse
downstream tasks such as Automated Speech Recognition
(ASR) and Speech Translation (ST). Maestro learns unified
representations through sequence alignment, duration predic-
tion and matching embeddings in the learned space through
an aligned masked-language model loss. We establish a new
state-of-the-art (SOTA) on VoxPopuli multilingual ASR with
a 8% relative reduction in Word Error Rate (WER), multi-
domain SpeechStew ASR (3.7% relative) and 21 languages to
English multilingual ST on CoVoST 2 with an improvement of
2.8 BLEU averaged over 21 languages.
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Accented Speech Recognition: Benchmarking, Pre-training, and Diverse Data
Zhehuai Chen
Chung-Cheng Chiu
Pavel Golik
Wei Han
Levi King
Suzan Schwartz
(2022)
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Building inclusive speech recognition systems is a crucial step towards developing technologies that speakers of all language varieties can use. Therefore, ASR systems must work for everybody independently of the way they speak. To accomplish this goal, there should be available data sets representing language varieties, and also an understanding of model configuration that is the most helpful in achieving robust understanding of all types of speech. However, there are not enough data sets for accented speech, and for the ones that are already available, more training approaches need to be explored to improve the quality of accented speech recognition. In this paper, we discuss recent progress towards developing more inclusive ASR systems, namely, the importance of building new data sets representing linguistic diversity, and exploring novel training approaches to improve performance for all users. We address recent directions within benchmarking ASR systems for accented speech, measure the effects of wav2vec 2.0 pre-training on accented speech recognition, and highlight corpora relevant for diverse ASR evaluations.
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