- Kurt Thomas
- Juan Antonio Elices Crespo
- Ryan Rasti
- Jean-Michel Picod
- Cait Phillips
- Marc-André (MAD) Decoste
- Chris Sharp
- Fabio Tirelo
- Ali Tofigh
- Marc-Antoine Courteau
- Lucas Ballard
- Robert Shield
- Nav Jagpal
- Moheeb Abu Rajab
- Panos Mavrommatis
- Niels Provos
- Elie Bursztein
- Damon McCoy
Abstract
In this work, we explore the ecosystem of commercial pay-per-install (PPI) and the role it plays in the proliferation of unwanted software. Commercial PPI enables companies to bundle their applications with more popular software in return for a fee, effectively commoditizing access to user devices. We develop an analysis pipeline to track the business relationships underpinning four of the largest commercial PPI networks and classify the software families bundled. In turn, we measure their impact on end users and enumerate the distribution techniques involved. We find that unwanted ad injectors, browser settings hijackers, and cleanup utilities dominate the software families buying installs. Developers of these families pay $0.10--$1.50 per install---upfront costs that they recuperate by monetizing users without their consent or by charging exorbitant subscription fees. Based on Google Safe Browsing telemetry, we estimate that PPI networks drive over 60 million download attempts every week---nearly three times that of malware. While anti-virus and browsers have rolled out defenses to protect users from unwanted software, we find evidence that PPI networks actively interfere with or evade detection. Our results illustrate the deceptive practices of some commercial PPI operators that persist today.
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