Shaun Kane
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Toward Community- Led Evaluations of Text-to-Image AI Representations of Disability, Health, and Accessibility
Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization (EAAMO) (2025)
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Responsible AI advocates for user evaluations, particularly when concerning people with disabilities, health conditions, and accessibility needs ( DHA)–wide- ranging but umbrellaed sociodemograph- ics. However, community- centered text- to- image AI’s ( T2I) evaluations are often researcher- led, situating evaluators as consumers. We instead recruited 21 people with diverse DHA to evaluate T2I by writing and editing their own T2I prompts with their preferred language and topics, in a method mirroring everyday use. We contribute user- generated terminology categories which inform future research and data collections, necessary for developing authentic scaled evaluations. We additionally surface yet- discussed DHA AI harms intersecting race and class, and participants shared harm impacts they experienced as image- creator evaluators. To this end, we demonstrate that prompt engineering– proposed as a misrepresentation mitigation– was largely ineffective at improving DHA representations. We discuss the importance of evaluator agency to increase ecological validity in community- centered evaluations, and opportunities to research iterative prompting as an evaluation technique.
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“Does the cafe entrance look accessible? Where is the door?” Towards Geospatial AI Agents for Visual Inquiries
Jared Hwang
Zeyu Wang
John S. O'Meara
Xia Su
William Huang
Yang Zhang
Alex Fiannaca
ICCV'25 Workshop "Vision Foundation Models and Generative AI for Accessibility: Challenges and Opportunities" (2025)
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Interactive digital maps have revolutionized how people travel and learn about the world; however, they rely on preexisting structured data in GIS databases (e.g., road networks, POI indices), limiting their ability to address geovisual questions related to what the world looks like. We introduce our vision for Geo-Visual Agents—multimodal AI agents capable of understanding and responding to nuanced visual-spatial inquiries about the world by analyzing large-scale repositories of geospatial images, including streetscapes (e.g., Google Street View), place-based photos (e.g., TripAdvisor, Yelp), and aerial imagery (e.g., satellite photos) combined with traditional GIS data sources. We define our vision, describe sensing and interaction approaches, provide three exemplars, and enumerate key challenges and opportunities for future work.
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StreetReaderAI: Making Street View Accessible Using Context-Aware Multimodal AI
Alex Fiannaca
Nimer Jaber
Victor Tsaran
Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST'25) (to appear)
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Interactive streetscape mapping tools such as Google Street View (GSV) and Meta Mapillary enable users to virtually navigate and experience real-world environments via immersive 360° imagery but remain fundamentally inaccessible to blind users. We introduce StreetReaderAI, the first-ever accessible street view tool, which combines context-aware, multimodal AI, accessible navigation controls, and conversational speech. With StreetReaderAI, blind users can virtually examine destinations, engage in open-world exploration, or virtually tour any of the over 220 billion images and 100+ countries where GSV is deployed. We iteratively designed StreetReaderAI with a mixed-visual ability team and performed an evaluation with eleven blind users. Our findings demonstrate the value of an accessible street view in supporting POI investigations and remote route planning. We close by enumerating key guidelines for future work.
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"Accessibility people, you go work on that thing of yours over there": Addressing Disability Inclusion in AI Product Organizations
Sanika Moharana
Erin Buehler
Michael Madaio
Vinita Tibdewal
Proceedings of AIES 2025 (2025) (to appear)
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The rapid emergence of generative AI models and AI powered systems has surfaced a variety of concerns around responsibility, safety, and inclusion. Some of these concerns address specific vulnerable communities, including people with disabilities. At the same time, these systems may introduce harms upon disabled users that do not fit neatly into existing accessibility classifications, and may not be addressed by current accessibility practices. In this paper, we investigate how stakeholders across a variety of job types are encountering and addressing potentially negative impacts of AI on users with disabilities. Through interviews with 25 practitioners, we identify emerging challenges related to AI’s impact on disabled users, systemic obstacles that contribute to problems, and effective strategies for impacting change. Based on these findings, we offer suggestions for improving existing processes for creating AI-powered systems and supporting practitioners in developing skills to address these emerging challenges.
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From Provenance to Aberrations: Image Creator and Screen Reader User Perspectives on Alt Text for AI-Generated Images
Maitraye Das
Alexander J. Fiannaca
CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2024)
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AI-generated images are proliferating as a new visual medium. However, state-of-the-art image generation models do not output alternative (alt) text with
their images, rendering them largely inaccessible to screen reader users (SRUs). Moreover, less is known about what information would be most desirable
to SRUs in this new medium. To address this, we invited AI image creators and SRUs to evaluate alt text prepared from various sources and write their own
alt text for AI images. Our mixed-methods analysis makes three contributions. First, we highlight creators’ perspectives on alt text, as creators are well-positioned
to write descriptions of their images. Second, we illustrate SRUs’ alt text needs particular to the emerging medium of AI images. Finally, we discuss the
promises and pitfalls of utilizing text prompts written as input for AI models in alt text generation, and areas where broader digital accessibility guidelines
could expand to account for AI images.
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Using large language models to accelerate communication for eye gaze typing users with ALS
Subhashini Venugopalan
Katie Seaver
Xiang Xiao
Katrin Tomanek
Sri Jalasutram
Ajit Narayanan
Bob MacDonald
Emily Kornman
Daniel Vance
Blair Casey
Steve Gleason
(2024)
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Accelerating text input in augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is a long-standing area of research with bearings on the quality of life in individuals with profound motor impairments. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) pose opportunities for re-thinking strategies for enhanced text entry in AAC. In this paper, we present SpeakFaster, consisting of an LLM-powered user interface for text entry in a highly-abbreviated form, saving 57% more motor actions than traditional predictive keyboards in offline simulation. A pilot study on a mobile device with 19 non-AAC participants demonstrated motor savings in line with simulation and relatively small changes in typing speed. Lab and field testing on two eye-gaze AAC users with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis demonstrated text-entry rates 29–60% above baselines, due to significant saving of expensive keystrokes based on LLM predictions. These findings form a foundation for further exploration of LLM-assisted text entry in AAC and other user interfaces.
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Generative AI (GAI) is proliferating, and among its many applications are to support creative work (e.g., generating text, images, music) and to enhance accessibility (e.g., captions of images and audio). As GAI evolves, creatives must consider how (or how not) to incorporate these tools into their practices. In this paper, we present interviews at the intersection of these applications. We learned from 10 creatives with disabilities who intentionally use and do not use GAI in and around their creative work. Their mediums ranged from audio engineering to leatherwork, and they collectively experienced a variety of disabilities, from sensory to motor to invisible disabilities. We share cross-cutting themes of their access hacks, how creative practice and access work become entangled, and their perspectives on how GAI should and should not fit into their workflows. In turn, we offer qualities of accessible creativity with responsible AI that can inform future research.
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“They only care to show us the wheelchair”: disability representation in text-to-image AI models
Avery Mack
Rida Qadri
CHI Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (2024)
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This paper reports on disability representation in images output from text-to-image (T2I) generative AI systems. Through eight focus groups with 25 people
with disabilities, we found that models repeatedly presented reductive archetypes for different disabilities. Often these representations reflected broader
societal stereotypes and biases, which our participants were concerned to see reproduced through T2I. Our participants discussed further challenges with
using these models including the current reliance on prompt engineering to reach satisfactorily diverse results. Finally, they offered suggestions for
how to improve disability representation with solutions like showing multiple, heterogeneous images for a single prompt and including the prompt with images
generated. Our discussion reflects on tensions and tradeoffs we found among the diverse perspectives shared to inform future research on representation-oriented
generative AI system evaluation metrics and development processes.
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Accessibility solutions often focus on the experiences of people with more severe disabilities, such as those who are unable to perform certain tasks unassisted. However, disability exists on a spectrum, and people with more moderate disabilities may not be included in research, or may not be considered disabled within research. In this study, we interviewed 12 adults with mild-to-moderate dexterity impairments about their experiences using smartphones and other mobile devices. Our participants did experience accessibility challenges but sometimes struggled to know where to find help for their problems, in part because of discomfort with traditional labels of disability and accessibility. We suggest that individuals with mild to moderate dexterity challenges may benefit from further consideration from the accessibility community and accessibility features that support their needs.
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"I wouldn’t say offensive but...": Disability-Centered Perspectives on Large Language Models
Vinitha Gadiraju
Alex Taylor
Robin Brewer
Proceedings of FAccT 2023 (2023) (to appear)
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Large language models (LLMs) trained on real-world data can inadvertently reflect harmful societal biases, particularly toward historically marginalized communities. While previous work has primarily focused on harms related to age and race, emerging research has shown that biases toward disabled communities exist. This study extends prior work exploring the existence of harms by identifying categories of LLM-perpetuated harms toward the disability community. We conducted 19 focus groups, during which 56 participants with disabilities probed a dialog model about disability and discussed and annotated its responses. Participants rarely characterized model outputs as blatantly offensive or toxic. Instead, participants used nuanced language to detail how the dialog model mirrored subtle yet harmful stereotypes they encountered in their lives and dominant media, e.g., inspiration porn and able-bodied saviors. Participants often implicated training data as a cause for these stereotypes and recommended training the model on diverse identities from disability-positive resources. Our discussion further explores representative data strategies to mitigate harm related to different communities through annotation co-design with ML researchers and developers.
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