Raluca Sauciuc
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Automated Decomposition of Build Targets
Mohsen Vakilian
J. David Morgenthaler
Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE Computer Society (2015), pp. 123-133
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A (build) target specifies the information that is needed to automatically build a software artifact. This paper focuses on underutilized targets—an important dependency problem that we identified at Google. An underutilized target is one with files not needed by some of its dependents. Underutilized targets result in less modular code, overly large artifacts, slow builds, and unnecessary build and test triggers. To mitigate these problems, programmers decompose underutilized targets into smaller targets. However, manually decomposing a target is tedious and error-prone. Although we prove that finding the best target decomposition is NP-hard, we introduce a greedy algorithm that proposes a decomposition through iterative unification of the strongly connected components of the target. Our tool found that 19,994 of 40,000 Java library targets at Google can be decomposed to at least two targets. The results show that our tool is (1) efficient because it analyzes a target in two minutes on average and (2) effective because for each of 1,010 targets, it would save at least 50% of the total execution time of the tests triggered by the target.
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Searching for Build Debt: Experiences Managing Technical Debt at Google
J. David Morgenthaler
Misha Gridnev
Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt, IEEE (2012), pp. 1-6
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With a large and rapidly changing codebase, Google software engineers are constantly paying interest on various forms of technical debt. Google engineers also make efforts to pay down that debt, whether through special Fixit days, or via dedicated teams, variously known as janitors, cultivators,
or demolition experts. We describe several related efforts to measure and pay down technical debt found in Google's BUILD files and associated dead code. We address debt found in dependency specifications, unbuildable targets, and
unnecessary command line flags. These efforts often expose other forms of technical debt that must first be managed.
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Building Useful Program Analysis Tools Using an Extensible Java Compiler
Edward Aftandilian
Siddharth Priya
Sundaresan Krishnan
International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM), IEEE (2012), pp. 14-23
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Large software companies need customized tools to manage their source code. These tools are often built in an ad-hoc fashion, using brittle technologies such as regular expressions and home-grown parsers. Changes in the language
cause the tools to break. More importantly, these ad-hoc tools often do not support uncommon-but-valid code code patterns.
We report our experiences building source-code analysis tools at Google on top of a third-party, open-source, extensible compiler. We describe three tools in use on our Java codebase. The first, Strict Java Dependencies, enforces our dependency policy in order to reduce JAR file sizes and testing load. The second, error-prone, adds new error checks to the compilation process and automates repair of those errors at a whole-codebase scale. The third, Thindex, reduces the indexing burden for a Java IDE so that it can support Google-sized projects.
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