Mattia Cantono
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Sub-Hertz Spectral Analysis of Polarization of Light in a Transcontinental Submarine Cable
Matt Newland
Max Salsi
Valey Kamalov
Vijay Vusirikala
Zhongwen Zhan
ECOC 2020; 46th European Conference on Optical Communication, Brussels (2020), pp. 1-3
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We report on a field-trial over the Curie cable connecting USA to Chile. We detected
environmental changes through measurements of polarization of light. Seismic waves stemming from
moderate-size earthquakes caused perturbations in the 0.5-3Hz range, suggesting that transcontinental
cables may be used to detect earthquakes.
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Open Optical Communication Systems at a Hyperscale Operator
Matt Newland
Rene Marcel Schmogrow
Vijay Vusirikala
Journal of Optical Communications (2020)
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Open optical networks present a variety of benefits such as single vendor independence and the opportunity to select best in class devices for each individual role. In this paper we review two degrees of open optical networks, namely ones with transponder-line system and line system-line system interoperability. In this context we discuss Google's experiences with respect to optical link design, software, and controls, deployment, and operation.
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The subsea fiber as a Shannon channel
Alexei Pilipetskii
Dmitry Kovsh
Eduardo Mateo
Elizabeth Rivera Hartling
Georg Mohs
Massimiliano Salsi
Maxim Bolshtyansky
Olivier Courtois
Olivier Gautheron
Omar Ait Sab
Pascal Pecci
Priyanth Mehta
Stephen Grubb
Takanori Inoue
Valey Kamalov
Vijay Vusirikala
Vincent Letellier
Yoshihisa Inada
SubOptic 2019
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Since many years, the Q-budget table (normalized by the ITU-T G.977) has been widely used to characterize the transmission performance of subsea cables: this table detailed the margin allowance breakdown for any modulated wavelength. The fiber achievable transmission capacity was then deduced from the wavelength spacing and the system operating bandwidth.
However, the emergence of coherent detection and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) capabilities has enabled the deployment of a wide range of modulation schemes featuring various bit rate, FEC encoding, constellation and spectral shaping, non-linear effect mitigation, thus leading to a transponder-dependent fiber transmission capacity. Combined to the recent trend of the industry to deploy “open” cables it is now time to define a new method to characterize the subsea fiber performance independently of the transponder type. This is emphasized by the introduction of Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) systems equipped with a high fiber pairs count, bringing the granularity at the fiber level: easy to swap, to sell and to manage. Cable capacity will be evaluated via the sum of fiber capacities deduced from any SLTE (Submarine Line Terminal Equipment) at any time with any margin.
The proposed method for non-dispersion-managed undersea systems, relies on the General Signal to Noise ratio (GSNR) to remove the effect of baud rate, which is changing rapidly in each generation of SLTE. These have been metrics already widely debated at conferences/publications. Topics such as accuracy, Gaussian Noise (GN) model, assumptions, and measurability, are discussed to clarify definitions and a methodology. Finally, the paper reviews and discusses fiber capacity based on a given GSNR-based performance budget and various transponder types.
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Opportunities and Challenges of C+L Transmission Systems
Rene Marcel Schmogrow
Matt Newland
Vijay Vusirikala
IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology (2019)
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C+L open line systems represent a cost-effective way to scale backbone network capacity. In this article, we review challenges and opportunities for C+L line systems stemming from Google's experience in designing, deploying, and operating a global C+L open optical network. We discuss business, operational, and technical aspects of C+L systems, and describe best practices for designing C+L links. Finally, we compare C and C+L systems, showing how the latter not only conceal capacity penalties but can even increase, depending on the deployed fiber types, the total system capacity with respect to two parallel C-band only systems.
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