# When can unlabeled data improve the learning rate?

COLT 2019

## Abstract

In semi-supervised classification, one is given access both to labeled and unlabeled data. As unlabeled data is typically cheaper to acquire than labeled data, this setup becomes advantageous as soon as one can exploit the unlabeled data in order to produce a better classifier than with labeled data alone. However, the conditions under which such an improvement is possible are not fully understood yet. Our analysis focuses on improvements in the {\em minimax} learning rate in terms of the number of labeled examples (with the number of unlabeled examples being allowed to depend on the number of labeled ones). We argue that for such improvements to be realistic and indisputable, certain specific conditions should be satisfied and previous analyses have failed to meet those conditions. We then demonstrate simple toy examples where these conditions can be met, in particular showing rate changes from $1/\sqrt{\l}$ to $e^{-c\l}$ and $1/\sqrt{\l}$ to $1/\l$. These results allow us to better understand what is and isn't possible in semi-supervised learning.