Software engineering

This article begins with an overview of the central aspects of frameworks, then dives deeper into the benefits of frameworks, tradeoffs they entail, and the most important features we recommend implementing. Finally, we'll describe a practical application of frameworks at Google: how developing a microservices platform allowed us to break up Google's monolithic codebase, and how frameworks...

Automated management of a physical network's lifecycle is critical for large networks. At Google, we manage network design, construction, evolution, and management via multiple automated systems. In our experience, one of the primary challenges is to reliably and efficiently manage change in this domain -- additions of new hardware and connectivity, planning and sequencing of topology...

Teams that build software are largely demographically homogeneous. Without diversity, homogeneous perspectives dominate how, why, and for whom software is designed. To understand how teams can successfully build and sustain diversity, we interviewed 11 engineers and 9 managers from some of the most gender and racially diverse teams at Google, a large software company. Qualitatively analyzing...

Design review is an important initial phase of the software development life-cycle where stakeholders gain and discuss early insights into the design’s viability, discover potentially costly mistakes, and identify inconsistencies and inadequacies. For improved development velocity, it is important that design owners get their designs approved as quickly as possible. In this paper, we discuss...