Belief Propagation Study of Google’s Quantum Echoes Experiment

Guifre Vidal
Aaron Szasz
Pablo Bermejo
Brayden Ware
(2026)

Abstract

Tensor Networks with Belief Propagation (TN+BP) methods have recently been used to classically simulate quantum experiments by IBM and D-Wave, thereby debunking these companies claims that their experiments were beyond the reach of classical computers (or 'beyond classical'). In this paper we use the same TN+BP methods to try to classically simulate Google's quantum echoes (aka OTOC 2) experiment, which is also claimed to be beyond classical. We show TN+BP cannot simulate Google's quantum echoes experiment, reinforcing the beyond classical claim.
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