The Foil: Capture-Avoiding Substitution With No Sharp Edges

Correctly manipulating program terms in a compiler is surprisingly difficult because of the need to avoid name capture. The rapier from Peyton Jones and Marlow [8] is a cutting-edge technique for fast, stateless capture-avoiding substitution for expressions represented with explicit names. It is, however, a sharp tool—its invariants are tricky and need to be maintained throughout the whole compiler that uses it. We describe the foil, an elaboration of the rapier that uses Haskell’s type system to enforce the rapier’s invariants statically, preventing a class of hard-to-find bugs, but without adding any run-time overheads.